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prynne----resurrection

athesis

submittedtothedepartmentofenglish

of--------------------university

inpartialfulfillmentoftherequirements

forthedegreeof

bachelorofarts

by

----------------------------

class:3grade:2002

supervisedby

---------------------------

june2006

contents

chapterone:biographyofnathanielhawthorne…………………………………...p1

chaptertwdepravity---theoriginofthescarletletter…………………………..p2

chapterthree:hesterprynne’sresurrection---fromsufferingandredemptiontosalvation

……………………………………………………………………………...p5

conclusion………………………………………………………………………….p10

references…………………………………………………………………………..p11

hesterprynne---resurrection

abstract:thescarletlettermakestheamericanwriternathanielhawthorneknownallaround

theworld.hawthorneisapiouschristian,andisdeeplyinfluencedbythetheology.he’s

somuchindulgedinthereligiousdoctrinethatpeoplecanfindthereflectionofthegod

almosteverywhereinhisworks.afterreadingthescarletletter,oneismostlyimpressedby

thespiritofthebiblethestorydepicted.thebookchieflydiscussessinandhowtoatone

forit.hesterprynneistheheroineofthefiction.thispaperresearchesherfateto

illustratetheinfluenceofthebibletohawthorne.hesterprynnecommitsadulteryandis

forcedtowearascarletletter“a”onherbreast.atthebeginning,sheencountersall

kindsofsufferings,bothfromthesocietyandfromherownsoul.however,sherealizesher

sinandtriesherbesttoatoneforit.andshedosenotchoosetoavoidherfault.finally,

throughherendeavor,godforgivesher.inshort,sinandatoningforsin,thatisthe

purposeofthispaper.

keywords:thescarletletter.,hesterprynne,thebible,sinandatonement.

摘要：《紅字》使美國(guó)作家納撒尼爾霍桑譽(yù)滿全球。霍桑是一個(gè)虔誠(chéng)的基督徒，并深受神學(xué)的影響。他是

如此沉迷于宗教的教義之中，人們幾乎可以發(fā)現(xiàn)神在他的每部作品中無(wú)處不在。讀完《紅字》，給人印象

最深的莫過于故事描繪的《圣經(jīng)》的精神。該書主要討論了關(guān)于罪與贖罪的問題。海絲特白蘭是小說的女

主人公。本文主要研究她的一生以說明《圣經(jīng)》對(duì)霍桑的影響。海絲特白蘭犯了通奸罪，并被迫在胸口上

帶一個(gè)大寫的紅色字母“a”。一開始，她遭遇了各種各樣的磨難，既有來(lái)自社會(huì)的也有來(lái)自她自己精神

上的。然而，她認(rèn)識(shí)到了自己的罪行并盡最大努力去贖罪，并且她并沒有選擇逃避責(zé)罰。最后，通過她的

努力，神原諒了她。簡(jiǎn)言之，本文的主要目的就是罪行以及贖罪。

關(guān)鍵字：《紅字》，海絲特白蘭，《圣經(jīng)》,罪行以及贖罪。

chapterone:biographyofnathanielhawthorne

withthepublicationofthescarletletterin1850,nathanielhawthornebecameoneofthe

greatestwriteratthattimeandbuilthisreputationasamajoramericanauthor.sincethat

timeon,peoplebegantotakegreatinterestinallaspectsofhislifeandagreatmany

biographicalandcriticalstudieshadbeenwrittenabouthimandhisworks.heisalso

becomingmoreandmorepopularandfamiliarwithchinesereaders.sincethechinese

translationofthescarletappearedin1950s,scholarsandreadersinthiscountryhave

shownanever-increasinginterestinhisworks.

hawthornewasbornonthefourthofjuly,1804insalem,massachusetts.someofhis

ancestorswerebigshotsinseventeenth-centurynewengland,whichwasunderthecontrolof

puritanism.oneofthemwasacolonialmagistrate,notoriousforhisparticipationinthe

persecutionofquakers,andanotherwasajudgeatthesalemwitchcrafttrailin1692.

gradually,thefamilyfortunedeclined.hawthorne’sfatherwasaseacaptain,whodiedin

anaccidentandlefthismotherandhimbehindtostruggletoliveforthemselves.young

hawthornewasquiteawareofthemisdeedsofhispuritanancestors,andthisawarenessmade

himbelievethatevilwasatthecoreofhumanlife.tosomeextent,hawthornewrotesomeof

hisbooks,suchasthescarletletterandthehouseofthesevengamblestotrytomakeup

forthesinofhisancestors.

hawthorne’swritingskillscanbeconcludedasfollows:

firstly,allhislife,hawthorneseemstobeindulgedinhissenseofsinandevilinlife.

readinghisbooks,onecannotbutbeoverwhelmedbytheblackvisionwhichthesebooks

reveal.evilexistsinthehumanheartallthetime.forinstance,intheshortstory,“

earth’sholocaust,”wecanfindthat,thoughallsymbolsoftraditionandthepasthave

beenburnedinthebonfireofthelifeofthenewworld,thesourceofevil---thehuman

heart,remainsintact.everyonepossessessomeevilsecretastaleslike“younggoodman

brown”setouttoprove.everyonetriestocoverupitsinnermostevilinthewaythe

ministerdimmesdaleinthescarletlettertriestopretendhowpureandpiousheis.evil

seemstobeman’sbirthmark.thispointofviewisjustaswhatthebibledescribespeople

’soriginalsin.

secondly,tohawthorne,sinwillsurelygetpunished,onewayoranother.asamatterof

fact,hewassaidtobealwaystroubledbythethoughtthatthedeclineofhisfamily’s

fortunehadsomethingtodowiththesinsofhispuritanancestors.hawthornedeeply

believesthat“thewrong-doingofonegenerationlivesintothesuccessiveones”(thehouse

ofthesevengambles).itisalsointerestingtonotethathawthornebelievesthatevil

educates.whathawthorneseemstoproveisthatmancangetexperiencefromthecrimewhich

bringsaboutthedisaster.

inshort,totellthetruthandyetnottooffend,thatisallhawthornetriestoachievein

hisworks.

“

chaptertwdepravity---theoriginofthescarletletter

thestorybeginsinseventeenth-centuryboston,whichisunderpuritancommand.ayoung

woman,namedhesterprynne,issentaheadtoamericabyherhusband---anoldandugly

scholar.however,formanyyears,hedoesn’tarrive.obviously,itispossiblethathehas

beenlostinthesea.whilewaitingforherhusband,hesterandayounglocalminister

calledarthurdimmesdalefallinlovewitheachother.theycommitadulterysecretly.

becauseofhester’spregnancy,thesecretisfinallydiscovered.

accordingtothebible,everyoneissinful.thatistheopinionoftheoriginalsin:when

godcreatestheworld,hefirstcreatesamancalledadamandthenawomancalledeve.they

livehappilyinthegardenofeden.godtellsthemthattheycaneateverykindoffruitin

thegardenexceptthoseonthetreeofknowledgeofgoodandevil.instigatedbythe

serpent,thetwocannotcontroltheircuriosityandviolatesgod’sorderandeatthe

fruitsfromthatparticulartree.thatenragesgod.fromthattimeon,theybecomesinful

andareexpelledfromthegardenofeden.however,sindoesn’tstop.itispassedfrom

generationtogenerationbyreproductionofadamandeve.allsuccessivegenerationsare

theirdescendantsandthereforeinherittheirsin.soatthetimeoneisborn,he/shebears

evilandhastherootofcommittingcrime.

accordingtotheprincipleoftheoriginalsin,hesterprynneisnotanexception.sheis

alsotheoffspringofadamandeve.theinsideofherflowstheirbloodsandsheofcourse

inheritstheiroriginalsin.thussheisasinnerfromthebeginningofherlife.

arethereanyotherstandardstojudgewhetherapersonissinful?theanswerispositive.

thecriterionshouldnotbethecommoncustom.instead,itshouldbethegod’sstandard.

becauseaccordingtothecommoncustom,itisverydifficulttojudgesometimes.everybody

isamixtureofvirtueandevilandtheemphasisofeveryone’sselfishdesireisquite

different.somecravenlyfeardeath,someclingtowoman’scharms,someseekonlyprofits

andsomehankerafterreputation.somearefrankandhonestandothersslyandcunning.

thereforeitishardtodecidewhoisrightandwhoiswrong.furthermore,thecommoncustom

isrelativeandchanging.forexample,twentyyearsago,tocommitadulterywasenoughto

ruinaperson’sfame.however,intoday’ssociety,cohabitationbeforemarriageis

universal.besides,althoughsomepeopledisplayhighermoralstandardsthanothers,they

stillcan’tgetridofselfishnessandavoidcommittingcrime.ifweadoptsthecriterion

ofthecommoncustom,althoughweknowthatwearenotinnocent,wewillcomfortourselves

thatwemaybeworsethansomepeople,butstillbetterthanothers.

thuswecanonlyusegod’scriteriatodecidewhetherornotapersonissinful.god’s

criteriaarethetencommandmentsandthesevendeadlysins.

thetencommandments:

iamthelordyourgod,whobroughtyououtofegypt,outofslavery.youshallhaveno

othergodsbeforeme.

youshallnotmakeforyourselfanidolintheformofanythinginheavenaboveoronthe

earthbeneathorinthewatersbelow.

youshallnotbowdowntothemorworshipthem;fori,thelordyourgod,amajealousgod,

punishingthechildrenforthesinofthefatherstothethirdandfourthgenerationof

thosewhohateme,butshowinglovetoathousandgenerationsofthosewholovemeandkeep

mycommandments.

youshallnotmisusethenameofthelordyourgod,forthelordwillnotholdanyone

guiltlesswhomisuseshisname.

rememberthesabbathdaybykeepingitholy.

sixdaysyoushalllabouranddoallyourwork,buttheseventhdayisasabbathtothelord

yourgod.onityoushallnotdoanywork,neitheryou,noryoursonordaughter,noryour

manservantormaidservant,noryouranimals,northealienwithinyourgates.

forinsixdaysthelordmadetheheavensandtheearth,thesea,andallthatisinthem,

butherestedontheseventhday.thereforethelordblessedthesabbathdayandmadeit

holy.

honouryourfatherandyourmother,sothatyoumaylivelonginthelandthelordyourgod

isgivingyou.

youshallnotmurder.

youshallnotcommitadultery.

youshallnotsteal.

youshallnotgivefalsetestimonyagainstyourneighbour.

youshallnotcovetyourneighbour''''shouse.youshallnotcovetyourneighbour''''swife,or

hismanservantormaidservant,hisoxordonkey,oranythingthatbelongstoyourneighbour.

(exodus2,14)

thesevendeadlysins:a)pride;b)lechery;c)envy;d)wrath;e)sloth;f)glutton

obviously,accordingtothesecriteria,hesterprynneisquitesinful.sheissinfulbecause

shedisobeysgodbycommittingadultery.whenchillingworth---hesterprynne’shusband

senthertothenewworld,althoughtherewasnoloveatallbetweenthecouple,sheshouldn

’tforgetthatshehadalreadygotmarried.shehadahusband,whowasjustmissingatthat

time.however,shecouldnotcontrolherviciousdesireandhadaloveaffairwiththe

minister---dimmesdale.that’snotforgivableaccordingtocatholicism.that’sinsultto

god.that’sbetrayal!insuchasituation,hesterprynneforgotgod’sinstructionandwas

completelydegenerated.sheisablasphemetogod.

sofromtheverydayofhercrime,hesterprynnehastobearallthesufferingsthatfollow.

everysinmustbepunished.allourbehaviorsanddeedscan’tpassawayeasily.ourwrong-

doingsarehatefulinthattheynotonlydepraveourselves,butalsooffenseothersand

especiallygod.hester’sbehaviorisdisgracefulandsheislookeddownuponbyothers.

furthermore,heradulteryaffrontsgod.godisjustandfair.godwillnotforgiveyour

faultcaraccordingtotomwaltson,thenatureofsinisevil:

firstly,sinfoulspeople;sinisnotonlyaflaw,butalsoacontamination.sintosoulis

thesameasrusttogold.itisjustlikeablemishonabeautifulthing.thebiblecompares

sinwith“plague”(1king,8,38).sinfoulsgod’simageandstainthepureofsoul.it

makesgod“grewwearyof”thesinners(zechariah,8,11);andwhen“youwillrememberyour

conductandalltheactionsbywhichyouhavedefiledyourselves,andyouwillloathe

yourselvesforalltheevilyouhavedone”(ezekiel,20,43).apostlepaulsaidin2

corinthian,7,1that“everything…contaminatesbodyandspirit”.

secondly,sinmakesgodworry.“donotgrievetheholyspiritofgod”(ephesians,4,30).

sinisdeliberatelyanafflictiontogod.goddoesn’tlikesinbecausesinmakesgodbe

insulted.sotoworrygodisabigcrime.

thirdly,siniscontrarytogod.asinnertrendsongod’sprincipleandviolatesgod’s

decree.

fourthly,sinbringsevil.sinislikethetrojanhorse(thegreekssiegedtroyformany

yearswithoutresult.oneday,theygotanidea.theypretendedtoretreat,leavingahuge

woodenhorse,inwhichanumberofgreekheroeshadhiddenthemselves.thetrojans,whowere

toohappytoreflectonthesituation,broughtthehorseinsidethecityasawartrophy.in

thefollowingnight,thegreekscameoutandattackedtheunsuspectingandcelebrating

trojans,andfinallyconqueredtroy),whichhasacommonoutlookandterriblethingsinside.

lastly,sinnerswhodon’trepentwilldieout.unrepentantsinbringsabout“thesecond

death”(revelation20,14)

(《xitongshenxue》

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